Explain to whom? Putting the User in the Center of Explainable AI

International audienceThe ability to explain actions and decisions is often regarded as a basic ingredient of cognitive systems. But when researchers propose methods for making AI systems understandable, users are usually not involved or even mentioned. However, the purpose is to make people willing to accept the decision of a machine or to be better able to interact with it. Therefore, I argue that the evaluation of explanations must involve some form of user testing

Disordered Eating Treatment Programs for Adolescents and Emerging Adults: A Meta-Analytic Review of Treatment Effectiveness and Moderators of Treatment Success

This meta-analysis systematically reviewed interventions for disordered eating in the adolescent and young adult population. A systematic search identified 30 interventions that could be compared to controls and 88 specific interventions that could be compared to other specific interventions. An in-depth analysis of the current state of the literature is provided. Results indicated that eating disorder interventions were effective overall when compared to control for both eating disorder and non-eating disorder outcomes, with differential effects across diagnoses, outcome categories, and outcome source, as well as some maintenance of effects at follow-up. Additionally, multiple moderators of treatment effectiveness for eating disorder outcomes emerged including: duration of diagnosis, whether females were targeted, qualifications of administrator, type of control group, rationale for study size, modality, inclusion of psychoeducation, a social interaction component, and use of homework. Preliminary comparisons between specific types of treatment indicated are discussed with caution. Clinical implications and recommendations for future research on eating disorder intervention for adolescents and young adults are highlighted

Qualitative Reasoning with Story-Based Motion Representations: Inverse and Composition

International audienceRepresentations of motion that are story-based constitute a promising tool to categorise the motion of entities, because they can be generated using any qualitative spatial representation, and they consider explicitly the speed of the entities. Up to the present, mainly categorisation properties of the story-based representations have been presented. In this paper we show how story-based representations allow for the reasoning operations that the qualitative calculi possess, namely, inverse and composition—We provide a method to compute the inverse, and a method that notably simplifies the computation of the composition

The experience, satisfaction, and Emergency Department utilization of pediatric patients with sickle cell disease during the Covid-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced how patients utilize healthcare. This study examines the utilization, experience, and satisfaction of patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in the pediatric Emergency Department (ED) during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the care they had received before the pandemic. The authors surveyed fifty-eight participants ages 14 months to 20 years who presented to the ED for a complaint related to their SCD during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study analyzed five variables: race, SCD severity, hemoglobin (Hgb) genotype, who completed the questionnaire (patient versus parent/guardian), and whether the ED visit resulted in an admission to the hospital. Our results suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected the decision of some patients as to whether and when to go to the ED. African Americans and those with severe disease did not wait longer than usual to go to the ED, possibly because these groups are more likely to have more serious and more frequent pain crises. Thus, their decision to present to the ED was driven more by their relatively worse symptoms, rather than such external factors as the pandemic. However, the pandemic did not significantly affect patients’ satisfaction with their ED visit or their baseline SCD symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first study of how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected patients’ utilization of, experience in, and satisfaction with a pediatric hospital ED. Experience Framework This article is associated with the Quality & Clinical Excellence lens of The Beryl Institute Experience Framework (https://www.theberylinstitute.org/ExperienceFramework). Access other PXJ articles related to this lens. Access other resources related to this lens

10401 Abstracts Collection -- Learning, Planning and Sharing Robot Knowledge for Human-Robot Interaction

From 03.10.10 to 08.10.10,the Dagstuhl Seminar 10401 ``Learning, Planning and Sharing Robot Knowledge for Human-Robot Interaction \u27\u27 was held in Schloss Dagstuhl~--~Leibniz Center for Informatics. During the seminar, several participants presented their current research, and ongoing work and open problems were discussed. Abstracts of the presentations given during the seminar as well as abstracts of seminar results and ideas are put together in this paper. The first section describes the seminar topics and goals in general. Links to extended abstracts or full papers are provided, if available

Comparing Psychosocial Adjustment Across the College Transition in a Matched Heterosexual and Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Sample

We compared a matched sample of heterosexual and lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) students on 5 psychosocial adjustment composites, longitudinally across the transitional first year of college. Both LGB and heterosexual students experienced a significant increase in psychological distress over the first semester, along with significant decreases in psychological well-being and cognitive-affective strengths. Across the entire first year, LGB students demonstrated consistently greater psychological distress, greater cognitive-affective vulnerabilities, and less social well-being compared to heterosexual peers. This research indicates specific challenges that LGB students experience during the first year of university, suggesting opportunities for promoting successful transitions through this developmental milestone

Examining the Moderating Role of Specific Coping Strategies on the Relationship between Body Image and Eating Disorders in College-Age Women

A sample of college age women assessed at three time points (Time 1: Baseline, assessed before college, Time 2: End of first semester, Time 3: End of first year of college) completed measures of disordered eating, coping, and body image. Results indicated that neither adaptive (problem-focused coping or social support seeking) nor maladaptive coping styles (active emotional coping or avoidant coping) as measured at Time 1 or Time 2 moderated the significant predictive relationship between body dissatisfaction at Time 1 and disordered eating attitudes at Time 3, when adjusting for disordered eating attitudes and BMI at Time 1. However, significant main effects of certain coping strategies indicate that while coping does not moderate the relationship between body image and disordered eating, coping may still be an important area for intervention. Future research needs to continue to examine the complex relationship between coping, body image, and disordered eating

Multimodale Informationsverarbeitung im Diencephalon des Goldfisches, <i>Carassius auratus </i>

In dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob sensorische Information im Diencephalon des Goldfisches Carassius auratus nach Modalitäten getrennt oder multimodal verarbeitet werden. Dabei wurden sowohl einzelne Neurone als auch Kerngebiete auf multimodale Eingänge untersucht. Die Daten sollten Hinweise auf funktionale Unterschiede zwischen Vorderhirnstrukturen von Fischen und Säugetieren liefern. Dazu wurde im Diencephalon des Goldfisches von Einzelzellen in fünf verschiedenen Kerngebieten des Thalamus, des Hypothalamus und des Posterioren Tuberkels bei Darbietung von Reizen unterschiedlicher Modalität elektrophysiologisch abgeleitet. Zudem wurde das zeitliche Auflösungsvermögen im zentral-posteriorer Thalamus mit dem im anterior-tuberaler Kern des Hypothalamus verglichen. Die Spontanaktivität einzelner Neurone im Hellen und im Dunkeln in verschiedenen Arealen, sowie die Latenzen von Einzelzellantworten bei stationärer Reizung wurden bestimmt. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass in allen untersuchten Arealen mehrere Modalitäten verarbeitet wurden. Alle Kerngebiete erhielten visuelle Eingänge, aber auch Information aus dem akustischen, dem vibratorischen und/oder dem Seitenliniensystem. Das zeitliche Auflösungsvermögen im Thalamus war höher als im Hypothalamus, die Latenzen in diesen beiden Arealen waren nicht verschieden, streuten aber sehr. Bei Aufzeichnung der Spontanaktivität konnte festgestellt werden, dass manche Neurone im Hellen eine andere Spontanaktivität hatten als im Dunkeln und dass die Spontanrate mancher Neurone sehr variabel war. Das Fazit dieser Arbeit ist, dass es grundlegende Unterschiede zwischen dem Vorderhirn von Fischen und Säugern gibt, die sich zum Beispiel darin zeigen, dass im dorsalen Thalamus der Säuger sensorische Information ausschließlich streng nach Modalitäten getrennt verarbeitet werden, bei Goldfischen hingegen multimodale Informationsverarbeitung in allen untersuchten diencephalen Kerngebieten überwiegt. Zudem haben Neurone in den thalamotelencephalen Bahnen der Säuger ein hohes zeitliches Auflösungsvermögen, bei Fischen nimmt das zeitliche Auflösungsvermögen der Neurone innerhalb der ins Telencephalon aufsteigenden Bahnen ab. Die Daten der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, dass aufsteigende modalitätsspezifische Systeme bei Goldfischen physiologisch nicht nachzuweisen sind